File and Directory Operations

Command Full Spelling Description
ls list List directory contents
cd change directory Change directory
pwd print working directory Display current working directory
mkdir make directory Create directory
rmdir remove directory Remove empty directory
rm remove Remove file or directory
cp copy Copy file or directory
mv move Move or rename file/directory
ln link Create link
find find Find files and directories
locate locate Quickly locate files
which which Find command location
whereis where is Find binary files, source code, and manual pages
du disk usage Display directory space usage
df disk free Display disk space usage

File Content Operations

Command Full Spelling Description
cat concatenate Display file content
more more Display file content page by page
less less Display file content page by page (more powerful)
head head Display the beginning of a file
tail tail Display the end of a file
grep global regular expression print Text search tool
sed stream editor Stream editor
awk Aho, Weinberger, Kernighan Text processing tool
sort sort Sort text lines
uniq unique Remove duplicate lines
wc word count Count words, lines, and characters
cut cut Extract text columns
tr translate Character conversion
diff difference Compare file differences

File Permissions and Attributes

Command Full Spelling Description
chmod change mode Modify file permissions
chown change owner Change file owner
chgrp change group Change file group
umask user file-creation mode mask Set default permission mask
stat status Display detailed file information
file file Determine file type

Process Management

Command Full Spelling Description
ps process status Display process status
top table of processes Display process information in real time
htop htop Interactive process viewer
kill kill Terminate process
killall kill all Terminate process by name
jobs jobs Display job status
bg background Put job in background
fg foreground Bring job to foreground
nohup no hang up Run command without hanging up

System Information

Command Full Spelling Description
uname unix name Display system information
whoami who am i Display current username
id identification Display user and group ID
who who Display current logged-in users
w who Display logged-in users and their activity
uptime up time Display system uptime
date date Display or set date
cal calendar Display calendar
free free Display memory usage
lscpu list cpu Display CPU information
lsblk list block devices List block devices
lsusb list usb List USB devices
lspci list pci List PCI devices

Network Related

Command Full Spelling Description
ping packet internet groper Test network connectivity
wget web get Download file
curl client URL Data transfer tool
ssh secure shell Secure remote login
scp secure copy Securely copy files
rsync remote sync Remote synchronization
netstat network statistics Display network connection status
ss socket statistics Display socket statistics
ifconfig interface configuration Configure network interface
ip internet protocol Network configuration tool

Compression and Archiving

Command Full Spelling Description
tar tape archive Archive files
gzip gnu zip Compress files
gunzip gnu unzip Decompress files
zip zip Create zip archive
unzip unzip Unzip zip file

Text Editor

Command Full Spelling Description
vi visual Text editor
vim vi improved Improved vi editor
nano nano Simple text editor
emacs editing macros Powerful editor

System Services

Command Full Spelling Description
systemctl system control System service control
service service Service control (legacy)
crontab cron table Scheduled task table
su substitute user Switch user
sudo substitute user do Execute command as another user

Input/Output Redirection

Command Full Spelling Description
tee tee Write output to both file and screen
xargs extended arguments Build and execute command line

Other Common Commands

Command Full Spelling Description
man manual Display command manual
info information Display info documentation
help help Display help information
history history Display command history
alias alias Create command alias
echo echo Output text
printf print formatted Format output
sleep sleep Delay for specified time
watch watch Execute command periodically
clear clear Clear screen
exit exit Exit shell
logout logout Logout

Other Linux Command Abbreviations

bin = Binaries (二进制文件)

/dev = Devices (设备)

/etc = Etcetera (等等)

/lib = LIBrary

/proc = Processes

/sbin = Superuser Binaries (超级用户的二进制文件)

/tmp = Temporary (临时)

/usr = Unix Shared Resources

/var = Variable (变量)

FIFO = First In, First Out

GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader

IFS= Internal Field Seperators

LILO = LInux LOader

MySQL = My 是最初作者女儿的名字，

SQL = Structured QueryLanguage

PHP = Personal Home Page Tools = PHP HypertextPreprocessor

PS = Prompt String

Perl = “Pratical Extraction and Report Language”(实际的抽取和报告语言) =”Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister”

Python 得名于电视剧Monty Python’s Flying Circus

Tcl = Tool Command Language

Tk = ToolKit

VT = Video Terminal

YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool

apache = “a patchy” server

apt = Advanced Packaging Tool

ar = archiver

as = assembler

awk = “Aho Weiberger and Kernighan”三个作者的姓的第一个字母

bash = Bourne Again SHell

bc = Basic (Better) Calculator

bg = BackGround

biff = 作者HeidiStettner在U.C.Berkely养的一条狗,喜欢对邮递员汪汪叫。

cal = Calendar (日历)

cat = Catenate (链接)

cd = Change Directory

chgrp = Change Group

chmod = Change Mode

chown = Change Owner

chsh = Change Shell

cmp = compare

cobra = Common Object Request BrokerArchitecture

comm = common

cp = Copy

cpio = CoPy In and Out

cpp = C Pre Processor

cron = Chronos 希腊文时间

cups = Common Unix Printing System

cvs = Current Version System

daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor

dc = Desk Calculator

dd = Disk Dump (磁盘转储)

df = Disk Free

diff = Difference

dmesg = diagnostic message

du = Disk Usage

ed = editor

egrep = Extended GREP

elf = Extensible Linking Format

elm = ELectronic Mail

emacs = Editor MACroS

eval = EVALuate

ex = EXtended

exec = EXECute (执行)

fd = file descriptors

fg = ForeGround

fgrep = Fixed GREP

fmt = format

fsck = File System ChecK

fstab = FileSystem TABle

fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager

gawk = GNU AWK

gpg = GNU Privacy Guard

groff = GNU troff

hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer

joe = Joe’s Own Editor

ksh = Korn SHell

lame = Lame Ain’t an MP3 Encoder

lex = LEXical analyser

lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of IrritatingSuperfluous Parentheses

ln = Link

lpr = Line PRint

ls = list

lsof = LiSt Open Files

m4 = Macro processor Version 4

man = MANual pages

mawk = Mike Brennan’s AWK

mc = Midnight Commander

mkfs = MaKe FileSystem

mknod = Make Node

motd = Message of The Day

mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa

mtab = Mount TABle

mv = Move

nano = Nano’s ANOther editor

nawk = New AWK

nl = Number of Lines

nm = names

nohup = No HangUP

nroff = New ROFF

od = Octal Dump

passwd = Passwd

pg = pager

pico = PIne’s message COmposition editor

pine = “Program for Internet News &Email” = “Pine is not Elm”

ping = 拟声 又 = Packet Internet Grouper

pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability

popd = POP Directory

pr = pre

printf = Print Formatted

ps = Processes Status

pty = pseudo tty

pushd = PUSH Directory

pwd = Print Working Directory

rc = runcom = run command, rc还是plan9的shell

rev = REVerse

rm = ReMove

rn = Read News

roff = RunOFF

rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat PackageManager

rsh, rlogin, rvim中的

r = Remote

rxvt = ouR XVT

seamoneky = 我

sed = Stream Editor

seq = SEQuence

shar = Shell ARchive

slrn = S-Lang rn

ssh = Secure Shell

ssl = Secure Sockets Layer

stty = Set TTY

su = Substitute User

svn = SubVersion

tar = Tape ARchive

tcsh = TENEX C shell

tee = T (T形水管接口)

telnet = TEminaL over Network

termcap = terminal capability

terminfo = terminal information

tex = τέχνη的缩写，希腊文art

tr = traslate

troff = Typesetter new ROFF

tsort = Topological SORT

tty = TeleTypewriter

twm = Tom’s Window Manager

tz = TimeZone

udev = Userspace DEV

ulimit = User’s LIMIT

umask = User’s MASK

uniq = UNIQue

i = VIsual = Very Inconvenient

vim = Vi IMproved

wall = write all

wc = Word Count

wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator

xargs = eXtended ARGuments

xdm = X Display Manager

xlfd = X Logical Font Description

xmms = X Multimedia System

xrdb = X Resources DataBase

xwd = X Window Dump

yacc = yet another compiler compiler

Fish = the Friendly Interactive SHell

su = Switch User

MIME = Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

ECMA = European Computer ManufacturersAssociation